6th+Period+Unit+5+Ram+and+Amber

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__**Vocabulary**__ Charles Darwin: Naturalist who studied finches and other animals in the Galapagos islands to form a theory about evolution. Natural Selection: Adaptation being used to decide in nature what organisms will survive longest leading to the idea of survival of the fittest. Adaptation: A variation that enables an organism to carry out life functions. Species: Population of the same organisms Galapagos islands: Charles Darwin studied evolution about finches and turtles on these islands that he came by his ship HMS Beagle. Finches: The first organisms that Charles Darwin studied. Extinct: A population of species that have been completely wiped out. Homonids: The first ancestors to appear that ate both meat and plants and walked upright on two legs. They had a larger brain than apes. Australopithecus: One of the oldest homonids, had a small brain and was thought to walk upright. Neanderthals: short, heavy bodies that used well made stone tools for huntings. Sedimentary rocks: formed in layers Fossil record: has gaps-shows that simple organisms came before complex organisms Evolution: A change over time Fossil: Evidence of once living organims Absolute Dating: Gives an exact date Relative Dating: deep-older top-newer Homo sapiens: Means wise humans.



The theory of evolution was formed by a naturalist named "Charles Darwin". He studied the finches of Galapagos islands on his voyage around the world on the "//HMS Beagle//". When he was in the Galapagos islands, he observed that the birds in different islands had different beaks although they were in the same species. He was wondering how this could happen and took a lot of notes. He called the different beaks in various islands an adaptation to the bird in its environment. An adaptation is a variation that helps the organism carry out life functions. Some examples of adaptations are: Giraffes having long necks to reach high places such as leaves in trees, sea turtles having webbed feet to swim in the ocean, and finches having long beaks to reach in holes in trees to eat insects. After he was done with the journey, Darwin formed a theory with all of his notes and observations from the trip. He put all of his ideas in a book called "On the Origin of Species".
 * Charles Darwin**

Kettlewell was an english physician who liked to collect moths. During the industrial revolution, he saw that the white peppered moths were slowly disappearing and he wanted to know why. Because of all the pollution, predators were able to locate white peppered moths more easily. Some white peppered moths had an mutation that made the white moths turn dark. This made the peppered moths harder to spot by predators because of the smoke. Moths with this adaptation were able to survive and reproduce and as a result, the white peppered moths left and the dark moths thrived. After more and more generations, the dark colored moths adapted to the industrial London where they could live. The white colored moths moved to non polluted places where they can still blend in with their environments.
 * Kettlewell**

Fossils are evidence of once living organisms. Scientists have used fossils to study evolution. Fossils show how organisms have evolved over time because they show how the specices looked like in each generation or how they evolved. Most fossils are in sedimentary rocks because they were formed in layers. Limestone is the most common form of sedimentary rock that includes fossils. Over time, fossils of different organisms have been stacked in sedimentary rock.. In the fossil record, it shows that simple organisms came before more complex organisms. It also shows that as the layers get deeper, they also get older, so the top layer fossils are young and the bottom layer fossils are old. This is also called relative dating. Although the fossil record shows whether a fossil is old or not, it isn't really accurate because there are gaps in the fossil record and it doesn't show the exact age of a fossil. Scientist use radiometric dating to give an exact age for the fossils. Radiometric dating compares the decay rate of a radioactive element to the decay of an element near the fossil to give an specific date. There are also clues such as homologous structures that show that evolution happened. Homologous structures are similar structures in different organisms that perform different functions. Vestigial structures also provide evidence because vestigial structures are structures in organism that are of no use such as the human tailbone or wisdom teeth. This shows evidence of evolution because in the past, these structures could have been used by an species's ancestors. Like the wisdom teeth could have been used by our ancestors (humans) to chew hard food, but now we don't use the wisdom teeth for anything and some people just have them removed.
 * Fossil Record**

Natural Selection is how well organisms are adapted to their environment and that the organisms that are better adapted will survive longer. This also goes along with Survival of the Fittest because those that are adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce and those that are not will die. For example, giraffes used to have short necks. They couldn't find food on the ground all the time because they were competing with other herbivores such as elephants. But some of the giraffes were born with mutations that caused them to have longer necks. These types of giraffes were able to find food on trees and other high places. Eventually this adaptations to the giraffes helped them survive and more and more started having long necks. Now all the giraffes have long necks.
 * Natural Selection**

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//BBC News//. BBC. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. [].
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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Ecology and Evolution." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Curiosity //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. Web. 05 May 2012. <http://curiosity.discovery.com/topic/ecology-and-evolution/10-examples-natural-selection3.htm>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">"Early Theories of Evolution: Darwin and Natural Selection." . Web. 05 May 2012. <http://anthro.palomar.edu/evolve/evolve_2.htm>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">"Wordle - Create." //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">Wordle //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px;">. Web. 05 May 2012. <http://www.wordle.net/create>.